From a traveller’s perspective, every cent that the Australian Dollar falls means less spending money in their pockets when they convert their Australian Dollars into US Dollars.

However, the sharp falls have eased the pain of those traders watching their US Dollar accounts erode in value with the strengthening Australian Dollar.

Imagine you were a trader who wanted to trade options on the US market. You open an account with a US Broker in 2002 and send over $A10,000 to fund your account. With an exchange rate of 0.5000, you now have $US5,000 in your account.

Now imagine you are a conservative trader and over those 6 years you managed to double your trading account. Your trading account is now $US10,000.

Now you decide to bring the money back to Australia. However, it’s 2008, and the exchange rate is now 0.9800 (98 cents). Suddenly, you need 98 US cents just to buy 1 Australian Dollar, whereas six years ago, you only needed 50 US cents.

Now your $US10,000 – which was double your initial investment - is only worth $A10,204. Nearly all of your gains have been wiped out by the exchange rate fluctuations. Can you see the importance of managing your currency risk?

Chart 1 below shows the weekly bar chart of the Australian Dollar (FXADUS in ProfitSource)

Chart 1

click to enlarge

As you can see, it is not just Currency Traders who are faced with the risks associated with changes in the exchange rate. Of course, had the trader waited until October to bring their US Dollars back to Australia, the exchange rate would have been much more favourable for them.

Anyone with any exposure to overseas currencies, whether through their trading, their travel plans, or business transactions needs to manage their currency risk.

So how can we go about it?

The simplest way to lock in the exchange rate today is to open an FX trading account. Let’s say we have some US Dollars sitting in a bank account in the United States.

If the Australian Dollar rises in value, the US Dollars will fall in value, meaning less Australian Dollars should we decide to bring the money to Australia. To lock in the current exchange rate, we can open an FX hedge by opening a currency position.

In any FX transaction, we are always buying one currency, and selling a second currency.

So in this case we would open a position that would buy Australian Dollars, and sell enough US Dollars to cover the money in our US bank account.

As long as there is enough money in your FX trading account to cover the margin on the trade, you will be able to leave this hedge open until you are ready to bring your US Dollars back to Australia. If Australian interest rates are higher than US interest rates, you can even be paid interest on your position, in what is called a “carry trade”.

If you have US Dollar exposure and you don’t check the exchange rates very often, it can be a good idea to hedge your position and lock in your exchange rate, to remove the possibilities of any nasty surprises.

There are other methods for locking in an exchange rate using Forward Exchange Contracts and options, however that is a subject for another article.

If it went into the crisis in a downtrend, then it goes back into it again. And if it went into the crisis in an uptrend, then it tends to revert back to that uptrend too.

If history is any indication, then it’s very possible the dollar will simply continue the downtrend it’s been in for the past six years: crisis or no crisis.

But due to additional factors - namely the dollar being at a 30-year low point at the beginning of this predicament - I don’t think it’s going to be a very clear downtrend. At least not in the short-term.

I see the dollar ‘ranging’ (Forex speak for going nowhere at all) over the next few years, much like it did after the S&L crisis, as you can see below.

Bank Failures Mean the Bumpy Ride Will Continue

This is what I believe may happen this time as well. However, on a year-over-year basis, it won’t feel like a wide range. It will feel like very strong, sharp uptrends. It’s only when you look back on this era over 10-15 years that you may see the dollar ranged for several years after - what shall we call it? Perhaps - “The Bailout Crisis of 2008.”

The shortgage of US dollars outside the US has continued despite moves by the Fed to inject more into the global economy.

The RBA has joined central banks from Norway, Sweden and Denmark in setting up a US dollar swap arrangement with the Fed totalling $US30 billion and lasting until at least the end of January 2009.

The RBA said currency swap lines have been set up between itself, the Fed and the Denmark, Norway and Sweden central banks - Danmarks Nationalbank, Norges Bank and Sveriges Riksbank.

“The swap serves to alleviate a shortage of US dollar liquidity which has affected market participants around the world including in the Asia-Pacific time zone,” the RBA said.

That’s part of a global shortage which saw short term rates in Europe for US dollar loans soar overnight to their highest levels since January.

At the same time, rates on US Government three month T-notes again fell sharply as banks and othert investors chased security while the $US700 billion bailout plan was being debated in Washington. 

The rates are not as low as they were a week ago when markets frayedf, but they are heading that way, indicating a sharp contraction in the availability of US dollars.

Hence the series of US dollar swaps the Fed has conducted in the past week with central banks around the world.

The US dollars will be made available, against collateral, to local market participants by the RBA through an auction, the first of which will happen tomorrow.

The term of the initial swap will be 28 days.

Subsequent auctions will depend on market conditions.

The RBA did a $1 billion US dollar swap last Thursday to try and pump extra American dollars into the market to accommodate demand from fund managers and others looking for greenbacks for end of quarter transactions.

“These facilities, like those already in place with other central banks, are designed to improve liquidity conditions in global financial markets,” the RBA said in a statement that was released simultaneously with a similar notice from the Fed.

“Central banks continue to work together during this period of market stress and are prepared to take further steps as the need arises.”

The Fed said in its statement that the swap lines it will have with the RBA, Denmark Norway and Sweden central banks are a $US30 billion addition to the $US247 billion previously authorised temporary swap arrangements with other central banks announce earlier this month.

“In sum, these new facilities represent a $30 billion addition to the $247 billion previously authorized temporary reciprocal currency arrangements with other central banks: European Central Bank ($110 billion), Bank of Japan ($60 billion), Bank of England ($40 billion), Swiss National Bank ($27 billion), and Bank of Canada ($10 billion),” the Fed said in its announcement.

In a separate announcement the RBA said that it will establish a domestic term deposit facility to further enhance the flexibility of domestic liquidity management operations.

“To further enhance the flexibility of its domestic liquidity management operations, the Reserve Bank will offer a short-term deposit facility (to be known as RBA Term Deposits),” it said.

The facility will be available to institutions holding an exchange settlement account and to authorised deposit-taking institutions.

The RBA will conduct auctions at which eligible institutions will be able to bid for deposits.

The first of auction, for a deposit of 14 days, will be held next Monday, September 29.

It will be run in addition to the current system of injecting funds each morning via repurchase deals involving government bonds and other securities as well as asset backed commercial paper and residential backed mortgages.

The offer to take short-term deposits from banks and financial institutions is going to be aimed at mopping up liquidity from banks, as part of its domestic operations.

Analysts said the bank is trying to attract some of the excess overnight funds that banks are holding as they refrain from lending to each other at the moment because of the credit crunch.

That has led to a spike in term-money rates, especially in three month bill rates. They are above the rates for 180 day paper: 7.43% versus 7.34%. This has been happening since the start of the month

The RBA yesterday $815 million in repurchase agreements, compared to an estimated cash deficit of $612 million. It drained a small amount on Tuesday, but resumed pumping in extra cash on yesterday as interbank lending rates remained high.

In fact, we can be smack dab in the middle of a recession and certain currencies will still perform well. Don’t believe me? Look at the markets right now.

Usually the savvy investors switch to commodities when stocks are falling. Earlier this year, commodity investors made a killing when they dropped their stocks for long-term commodities. However, those same investors got slaughtered two months ago when commodities plummeted. As those investors learned, there are times in the economic cycle when BOTH stocks AND commodities are going down - and we’re in that time RIGHT NOW!

So what’s left? How do you buffer the volatility and help diminish draw downs to your portfolio in times like these? You buy the currencies that perform well during bear markets or more specifically low-yielding currencies like the Japanese yen and Swiss franc.

Remember: Since currencies are always traded in pairs, you just have to look to the currencies that might not have seemed worthwhile during times of growth and expansion. Currencies like the yen - whose low interest rates encourage institutions to borrow it - and the Swiss franc are excellent ideas in markets like this one

For example, over the past weekend Lehman’s, AIG’s and Merrill Lynch’s troubles took a bite out of the dollar’s performance. But while the dollar dipped, two currencies continued to rise - including the Japanese yen and Swiss franc.

This is pretty typical of currencies during this type of market…

Traditionally, there are currencies that prosper during tough times, even during recessions and depressions. These “recessionary” currencies are beaten down during recovery periods.

Traders scorn these currencies when other markets are soaring because no one wants their “paltry interest” and smaller growth, when they can get higher returns elsewhere.

However, when markets start to fall, currency traders grab these currencies with both hands to save their portfolios. That’s exactly what happened this weekend. The so-called “weakest currencies” paying paltry interest rose, while the high-yielding currencies like the Australian and New Zealand dollar sank

To recap: During stock bull markets, currency investors are busy buying up high-yielding currencies and continually selling low interest yielding currencies. But when bad times hit, currency investors quickly trade in their high-yielding currencies for the safety of the ‘beaten-down dog’ currencies like the Japanese yen and Swiss franc.

The Japanese yen has been beating out every single one of the top 16 or so currencies. So this is the biggest place that money is running to right now.

Why is this happening? It’s not that Japan’s economy is so strong. In fact, Japan may be entering into a recession as we speak. So what’s going on? In the past, as stock markets grew strong and volatility stayed out of the markets, investors around the world bought high-yielding currencies with borrowed money in the lowest yielding currency in the world, the Japanese yen (0.5%).

Many of these currencies reaped 6-8% a year. As an investor, all you had to do was pay between zero and one half of 1% if you borrowed yen. When you add a bit of leverage to these positions, you reap even greater returns just by borrowing low and reinvesting those funds. This strategy worked for years during calm, cool, and collected financial markets.

However, as we know…since about a year ago, the markets have taken a turn for the worse. We’re now in a high-risk, volatile market. That’s obviously not conducive to this type of currency investing called “carry trading.”

So as these positions are closed out (or as they say in the industry - unwound), they sell the higher yielding currency like Aussie or New Zealand dollars or like the euro or pound and have to pay back that loan of yen. When they do this, they are “buying back” yen which causes the yen to pop up.

It’s almost like a short-seller in stocks covering his short-sell by buying back the shares to close the position out.
Long story, short: As long as the turmoil lasts, the yen will prosper. Traders will continue to unwind positions as many are either margin-called or flat-out scared out of their positions.

How do you do that? First of all, pay attention to what central bankers are saying about their economies. This is important. They may not always give you all the facts, but you can usually get at least an idea of what they will do next from their statements.

Central bankers will give you their thoughts on their respective economies. And if they don’t tell you outright, you can tell by their actions. For example, when central bankers raise rates, it means they’re fighting inflation. That’s usually a good sign for the country’s currency. However, if inflation is shrinking or if the central bank is in “rate cut” mode, then it’s bad for the currency.

If the economy is growing (according to its GDP numbers), then that’s another plus for a country and its currency. On the other hand, a falling GDP either means a country is slowing or the economy is shrinking rather than expanding. Either way, that’s a bad thing for the currency.

So to find the perfect currency pair to trade, you need to play “matchmaker.” Match up the best-looking country with high inflation and rising interest rates to the ugliest country with the worst fundamentals (lower inflation and slashed interest rates). Once you have your “best-of” and “worst-of” currencies, simply trade the good country vs. the bad country.

For example, let’s say you decided the U.S. dollar was the “ugliest” currency in the world because the U.S. is slowing and the Fed just cut rates. You also decided that the euro was the best-looking currency. In this instance, you would buy the EUR/USD pair.

At the moment, the outlook for a broad rise in the stockmarket doesn’t look good. Ever since the market topped out last October the S&P/ASX200 has continued to drift downwards, punctuated by false rallies on the back of over optimism.

But there is light at the end of the tunnel. The problem is that we can’t quite work out how long the tunnel is. There are positives that should ensure that Australia emerges from any economic downturn without too much agony.

As a resources led economy there is often talk that any downturn in the US economy will reduce demand for goods there, which will reduce demand for imports to the US from China which will reduce demand from China for Australia’s resources. Of course, this will have an impact but probably not to the degree that is feared.

Thanks to the massive demand for raw materials companies such as BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Fortescue Metals have been able to charge big premiums for their commodities. Any downturn in the US and Europe is bound to have some impact, however there is still ample room for Asian economies to grow without the need to rely on the US and Europe. Demand for Asian domestic consumption will be the next growth area as incomes rise and the standard of living rises with it.

Another insulator for Australia is the concentration of business in a small number of large companies. Many Australian sectors are in effect presided over by duopolies where the lack of major competition has allowed them to maintain healthy profit margins. The relevant smallness of the Australian economy makes it that much harder for new entrants on a large scale.

This allows them to maintain some of their margins without the fear of being undercut by competitors. And when competitors do come into the market they have to work fast in order to build up market share. A tough ask when consumers are comfortable the same brand they have used for years.

So what does that mean as investors? It really means that with the market having fallen so far since last year, the opportunities for value in this market are starting to present themselves so now is the time that investors should be starting to get back into the markets. Unfortunately, history tells us that for most retail investors they tend to exit the market just at the time when they should be getting back in.

This is a key distinction because it’s the reason countless new currency investors have trouble trading in the Forex market.

So what separates gambling from trading? In a word: Risk.

Successful traders take calculated risks. They gauge the risks to each trade and allocate their funds accordingly. In other words, they think about what they could lose on a trade - rather than just the possible gains.

To be successful, you need to think about how much you’re betting on each trade. Take this into account when you’re placing each order. Make sure no one trade can wipe out your account.

This is how the professionals trade. And even though you aren’t trading billions, you can still profit from the same strategy.

And maybe it was time for a rally. Since peaking more than six years ago versus the world’s major currencies, the U.S. dollar has posted some dizzying declines. Only a few currencies in the world have actually declined in value against the sad buck since late 2001…one of which being the Zimbabwe dollar.

But this current bout of dollar strength has more to do with the surprising weakness of other foreign economies than a resumption of U.S. growth. We’re simply ahead of the curve.

The market views the dollar as a leading currency as other economies begin to grapple with an economic slowdown or, in some cases, recession. The United States has already gone through the process of priming the economy with interest rate cuts and fiscal measures to boost consumption, driving the dollar lower in the process. Now it’s the turn of the Europeans and Japanese. They are only now starting to enter slowdowns in their economic cycles.

That means they’ll be cutting rates, so their currencies will weaken. And the value of their assets – in dollar terms – will decline.

Therefore, savvy investors in the next few months will look to build positions in some of the U.S. economy’s most beaten-down, oversold assets. Specifically, foreign and U.S. investors alike can find significant value and opportunity in distressed U.S. debt, real estate and stocks.

I say this because the Forex market is like a renegade switch on most holidays. The market is either “turned on” and your trades are moving like crazy (which means it’s hard to predict what will happen next). Or the market is completely “turned off,” and it’s about as interesting as watching paint dry.

More often than not, you’ll see BOTH scenarios happen on a single holiday. First the market will be switched on, and then it will suddenly switch off - or vice versa. Unfortunately, there’s never any telling which comes first…the “calm” or the “storm.”

So on any given holiday, I generally wait until the afternoon to check on the currency markets. Then I just wait for the “show” to start. Frankly, for a seasoned trader like myself, it’s fun to watch the markets move that fast.

But it’s definitely NOT time to start trading. Please keep that in mind for every holiday going forward.

It is the nature of financial markets and their rapid dissemination of information that intervention by certain authorities into the markets need only be hinted at and not necessarily implemented in order to achieve the same result.

One example is the monetary policy activities of central banks. A central bank maintains a chosen level of cash rate by either removing excess liquidity from the system or injecting fresh liquidity to the system each day in what is known as “open market operations”. If you make the right liquidity adjustments, institutions will be corralled into borrowing and lending at the desired cash rate.

If the central bank then wishes to change its monetary policy this implies it would have to make one big adjustment that day - remove funds if tightness is desired (a rate hike) or inject funds if a looser policy is required (a rate cut). However, financial markets are fluid, hence the reality is the central bank need only announce its rate hike/cut to the market and the market will adjust itself accordingly. The central bank then need only clean up the scraps.

But take this one step further, and we find that if the market believes a central bank is going to make a rate change then it will react before that rate change occurs. The Australian money markets are a case in point at present, having already factored in a 25 basis point cut from the RBA expected next week. The US markets had been “out-cutting” the Fed all the way down from August last.

The problem arising from the Fed’s slashing of the US cash rate from 5.25% prior to August ‘07 to 2% in April ‘08 was that the US dollar reacted by falling to its lowest ever levels against the currencies of its major trading partners. Aside from the fact the US government is always in favour of “a strong dollar”, this slide put significant pressure on the export industries of the other major trading blocs of Europe and Japan, who had elected not to cut their cash rates in the face of the credit crunch.

The finance ministers of the G7 nations met in February to discuss, among other things, the collapsing US dollar. Observers were waiting for talk of possible dollar intervention, but nothing specific was forthcoming. But when Bear Stearns went under in March the US dollar hit its lowest point. The markets were now crying out for some sign of what the G7 may really be planning. On March 18, FNArena reported:

“A hint on possible intervention in the dollar was dropped by Japanese finance minister Fukushiro Nukaga yesterday. ‘We will cooperate with European and US currency authorities and will monitor markets very carefully,’ Nukaga told reporters, adding that currency fluctuations had been excessively volatile. Reuters reports one Japanese forex manager as noting that these comments were a shift away from the usual finance ministry rhetoric, thus elevating the chance of intervention.”

As it was, the US dollar bounced in March after the Bear Stearns rescue, but was slip-sliding away again by April when the G7 finance ministers met once more. Again no announcement of intervention in the dollar was forthcoming. But this is what FNArena reported at the time:

“However, commentators were just a little excited. Following their regularly scheduled meeting over the weekend, this time in Washington, US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, as spokesman, did warn that recent ’sharp fluctuations’ in exchange rates risk hurting the US dollar. This ‘new language’ was the most significant change to the G7 stance on exchange rates, Bloomberg points out, since February 2004 when the G7 last cautioned against ‘excessive volatility’.”

In response to ongoing criticism for the lack of inaction, one European G7 participant was quoted at the time as effectively saying “Take a hint”.

And so the forex markets took the hint. There were a couple more scares, but the euro never meaningfully traded any higher than US$1.60 - the level widely considered as the “line in the sand”. Beyond this line, the market believed, intervention would follow.

So why would you buy euros at US$1.60?

The US dollar is now 9% off its lows, having recovered on the relative effect of weakening European and Japanese economies. Now that the dust has settled, Japan’s Nikkei newspaper has today revealed that the US, Europe and Japan had indeed drawn up plans for a US dollar rescue back in March. The plan was to be enacted on the weekend of March 15-16, which will forever go down in history as “Bear Stearns weekend”, were the US dollar to go into a freefall following the investment bank’s collapse late in the previous week. On that weekend, the Fed and JP Morgan were madly tossing together a rescue plan for the failed bank.

As history shows, the US dollar actually recovered on the news of the Bear Stearns rescue, insomuch as the accompanying 75 basis point rate cut from the Fed did not spark the “freefall” the Big Three were fearing. The intervention plan remained on stand by only.

The forex market knew where the G7 stood. The hints were enough. The G7 may not have intervened directly, but as the market adjusted to an intervention stance it was as if they had anyway.

The newswires are today running hot with revelations of this intervention plan, however the news is not exactly a bombshell. Yet as one wire pointed out, the George W. Bush Administration looks like being the first since the US dollar became the global reserve currency not to preside over some form of dollar intervention. Perhaps the explanation lies in the fact the US Treasury secretary in the Administration - Hank Paulson - is ex-Goldman Sachs. He knows how the markets work and he probably had faith they would do what was needed, all by themselves.

You’re not really trading one currency for another like in the foreign-exchange market. Nor are you investing with leverage like a currency option.

Instead, you’re buying and holding a foreign currency - just as if you were holding an average dollar-based CD.

Really, it’s a simple four-step process:

1. Decide to invest in a certain currency
2. Call your bank
3. Apply for the CD in a particular currency
4. Forget about your CD until it’s time to report your holdings on your taxes each year.

In fact, it’s so similar to your average dollar CD that it’s easy to forget the extra benefits you’re receiving by investing in a foreign currency CD.

So we thought we’d review these benefits quickly.

Benefit #1: You can actually beat inflation with a foreign-currency CD. Right now, you’re average dollar-based CD only pays 2 - 4%. If inflation is soaring above 6%, then you’re actually LOSING money over the long haul. But with a foreign currency CD, you can choose a stronger currency that has the power to appreciate faster than inflation.

Benefit #2: Two ways to profit. A foreign-currency CD earns interest similar to a normal dollar-based CD, but you also get an extra profit bonus if your foreign-currency appreciates in value vs. the U.S. dollar. In this way, your foreign-currency CD actually gives you two ways to profit.

Benefit #3: Instant diversification. If your entire portfolio is in dollars, then a simple foreign-currency CD gives you instant diversification to other stronger currencies around the globe. It’s one of the best ways to inch into the currency markets, if you’re not interested in trading.

Last weeks continuing rally is taking the US Dollar into a short-term overbought state, especially as it nears resistance at 78, on break of which the US Dollar will target a move towards significant resistance at 80, following which the Dollar is expected to consolidate, with the previous resistance levels turning into support levels i.e. Major support at 74.30 and 78, before the next leg up through resistance above 80 takes place towards a longer-term target for the dollar of 90.

Whether or not the Dollar has seen its final low that brings to an end the 7 year long bear market, what the recent price action does signal is that the US Dollar is now in a bull market that looks set to run for at least a year, by which time the longer term trend will become more apparent, in that respect the bullish dollar trend is expected to continue into at least early 2009, which confirms analysis as early as of March 2008 that concluded that the commodities markets would enter into a bear market during the summer of 2008 that would last for at least 1 year and possibly as long as 2 years.